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Multifunctional Coatings for Biomedical Alloys: Biocompatibility and Antibacterial Activity of Hydroxyapatite with YSZ and Silver on Nitinol

Authors :

Mehdi HOSSEINI¹ Mehdi MOZAMMEL² Milad HOSSEINI³ Jafar HKALIL-ALLAFI⁴

1- دانشگاه صنعتی سهند-تبریز 2- دانشگاه صنعتی سهند-تبریز 3- دانشگاه صنعتی سهند-تبریز 4- دانشگاه صنعتی سهند-تبریز

Keywords :

Antibacterial،Hydroxyapatite،Ion release،Nitinol،Silver،Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia

Abstract :

Biomedical implants often encounter complications such as infection, cytotoxicity, and limited bioactivity. Nitinol has emerged as a promising candidate due to its favorable mechanical properties. To enhance its biological performance, hydroxyapatite (HA) coatings are commonly applied. However, electrochemically deposited HA coatings exhibit insufficient antibacterial activity and limited protection against the release of toxic ions. In this study, HA coatings were fabricated using pulsed electrochemical deposition at 70 °C, current density of 20 mA/cm², and a deposition time of 20 minutes, with a duty cycle of 10%. to improve these shortcomings by incorporating yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) and silver nanoparticles into HA coatings at various concentrations. YSZ was added at 0.25, 0.5, and 1 g/L, and the resulting samples were characterized using XRD, SEM, and EDS techniques. Nickel ion release analysis indicated reduced ion leaching and lower cytotoxicity at 0.25 and 0.5 g/L concentrations, with 0.5 g/L identified as the optimal formulation. Subsequently, silver was introduced into the optimized coating at 0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 g/L. Antibacterial assays revealed that YSZ enhanced antibacterial efficacy by up to 72%, while silver addition further increased it to 85%. Immersion in simulated body fluid (SBF) for 7 days confirmed complete apatite coverage on the surface, indicating improved bioactivity and apatite nucleation facilitated by the nanoparticles.