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Evaluation of Primary Stability of Dental Implants in Synthetic and Natural Bone A Comparative Study

Authors :

Mahdi Farrokhi Kashtiban¹ Gholamreza Rouhi²

1- دانشگاه صنعتی امیرکبیر 2- دانشگاه صنعتی امیرکبیر

Keywords :

Dental implants،Primary stability،Polyurethane foam،Bovine rib،Maximum Insertion torque،Resonance frequency analysis،Implant stability quotient

Abstract :

Rigid polyurethane (PU) foam, commonly referred to as synthetic bone, is widely used in orthopedic and dental implant research due to its uniform properties and ease of use and handling. However, its ability to accurately represent natural bone behavior remains a subject of debate. The aim of this study was to evaluate if PU foam produces comparable primary stability outcomes to those of natural bone. Forty implants from two manufacturers, i.e., Cowellmedi and DRI, with identical dimensions (4 mm diameter × 10 mm length), but different thread and conical designs, were inserted into PU foam blocks (0.2 g/cm³) and also into fresh bovine ribs. Primary stability was assessed using maximum insertion torque (MIT) and resonance frequency analysis (RFA), the latter of which provides implant stability quotient (ISQ). The findings revealed that in natural bone, Cowellmedi implants demonstrated significantly higher MIT compared to DRI, but ISQ values did not differ significantly. In contrast, in synthetic bone, both MIT and ISQ showed no significant differences between Cowellmedi and DRI implants. These findings highlight that PU foam may not always replicate outcomes observed in natural bone, likely due to different mechanical characteristics and behavior of natural- and synthetic bone. While PU foam remains valuable for controlled testing due to its homogeneity, natural bone surrogates, such as bovine rib, can provide more reliable insights into dental implant performance.