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Neuromuscular Coordination in Badminton Smashes: Validation of Musculoskeletal Models

Authors :

Raheleh Tajik¹ Hamed Fadaei²

1- دانشگاه خوارزمی 2- دانشگاه خوارزمی

Keywords :

badminton،muscle synergy،electromyography،musculoskeletal modeling،sports biomechanics

Abstract :

The badminton forehand overhead smash is a fast, powerful stroke that puts high mechanical stress on the shoulder, raising injury risks. We used non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) to identify shoulder muscle synergies and compared musculoskeletal (MSK) model predictions with electromyography (EMG) recordings from elite athletes. Twenty professional players (age: 24 ± 4 years; experience: 15 ± 4 years) executed maximal smashes, with EMG from 15 shoulder muscles and kinematics via the Vicon system. OpenSim simulated muscle activations. NMF revealed three synergies covering over 90% variance (MANOVA: F(2,19)=2.43, p=0.12, η²p=0.21): scapular support (led by trapezius, 95% EMG / 97% MSK VAF), force generation (pectoralis/anterior deltoid, 97% EMG / 94% MSK, 0.85 ± 0.12 Nm/kg), and deceleration (posterior group, 95% EMG / 98% MSK). Synergy weights correlated highly (0.81–0.88) and activations (0.95–0.98), though trapezius showed lower match (0.77 ± 0.05) from EMG limitations. Signal-to-noise was notable (t(19)=2.81, p<0.05, 0.68). These findings extend our earlier work by emphasizing model accuracy for quick athletic motions, offering fresh perspectives for training optimization and injury mitigation in overhead activities.